畢業(yè)論文英漢對(duì)照：山區(qū)環(huán)境和旅游-歐洲可持續(xù)發(fā)展模式

畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（英文翻譯）

譯文內(nèi)容 MOUNTAIN ENVIRONMENTS AND TOURISM – A EUROPEAN MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT（山區(qū)環(huán)境和旅游-歐洲可持續(xù)發(fā)展模式）
譯文出處 “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu,
Faculty of Economic Sciences, Calea Dumbrăvii nr.17,
niculavirgil@yahoo.com, +40 (269) 210375
系 別： 經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院
專 業(yè)： 旅游管理

MOUNTAIN ENVIRONMENTS AND TOURISM - A EUROPEAN
MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Nicula Virgil
“Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Calea Dumbrăvii nr.17,
niculavirgil@yahoo.com, +40 (269) 210375
Abstract: Tourism can be an important way of preserving the mountain communities, bringing revenue and jobs to village communities increasingly unable to survive on agriculture alone and where migration threatens their e*istence. The European model, through stronger stakeholder involvement, may perform better than the corporate model in managing the destination on a responsible basis, since the community directly depends on it. Therefore, by taking into account the ecological and social dimensions of sustainability, the community will protect the surrounding natural environment. However, small communities and local rivalry may make joint decision-making difficult and may lead to a lack of cohesion in consistently promoting a destination. The development of a sustainable tourism means pr
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rking conditions and access to the industry: involving local people in decisions that affect their lives and life chances; making positive contributions to the maintenance of the world’s diversity by conserving the natural and cultural heritage; providing more enjoyable e*periences for tourists through more meaningful connections with local people and a greater understanding of local cultural, social and environmental issues; providing access for physically challenged people and being culturally sensitive, engendering respect between tourists and locals and enhancing local pride and confidence.
Since the Cape Town conference, World Travel Market, the travel industry’s key annual trade event, has a Responsible Tourism day, and this signifies that the travel industry no longer views Responsible Tourism as a niche product, but as a mainstream principle. Its growth is happening alongside a growing consumer awareness of ethical issues, such as fair-trade food products and interest in the sourcing of products. Most recently, climate change has risen on the agenda of the media and governments, focussing especially on global CO2 emissions. Still, Responsible Tourism is not just about the environment and there is a danger of forgetting the social and economic principles. Additionally, it should be noted that Responsible Tourism does not just apply to developing countries; it is equally applicable to developed countries. Krippendorf, who was one of the pioneers in thinking about the impacts of tourism, based his ideas on mass tourism in Switzerland. It is arguable that the first mass tourism in natural environments was to the Alpine regions of Europe back in the 1800s, for mountaineering and health resorts.
As mentioned, Agenda 21 was agreed upon and a chapter was devoted to ‘Managing Fragile Ecosystems Sustainable Mountain Development’. It identified that “mountains are an important source of water, energy and biological diversity and a source of key resources such as minerals, forest products and agricultural products of recreation”. This highlights the competing demands on mountain environments of which tourism is just one part. About 10 % of the worlds population depends on mountain resources, especially on water. Mountains are also a storehouse of biological diversity and endangered species. The mountain ecosystem is one of the most comple* and sensitive to climactic change and is essential to the survival of the global ecosystem, but it is rapidly changing and e*periencing degradation. However, Agenda 21 does not just focus on the environmental aspects; it notes the many peoples who live in mountain environments and the widespread poverty that is often e*perienced. Life is hard for many mountain communities, but loss of those communities would lead to loss of indigenous knowledge. The report highlights that “proper management of mountain resources and socioeconomic development of the people deserves immediate action” and calls for research to be conducted into mountain ecosystems and programmes for their sustainable development.
Tourism can be an important way to preserve the mountain communities, bringing revenue and jobs to communities increasingly unable to survive on agriculture alone and where migration threatens their e*istence. However, tourism can cause problems and overdevelopment, as Michel Revaz of CIPRA (the International Commission for the Protection of the Alps) commented: “The Alps are totally overdeveloped; the most e*ploited mountain range in the world”. The Alpine Convention became effective in 1995 and had the dual aims of protecting and sustaining the development of the Alps. While the Alps constitute the living and economic environment for the indigenous population, they are also vitally important for e*tra Alpine regions - being the site of important transport routes. They are also an essential habitat and last refuge for many endangered species of plants and animals. They identify the ever-growing pressures caused by man threatening the Alpine region and the need for economic interests to be reconciled with ecological requirements.
Throughout history, travelling for sport is evident, whether it involved journeying to the ne*t village to play a game of football or in recent times (as mountains became an attraction instead of an object of fear) to go skiing (Matley, 1981). The concept of sport-related tourism has become more prominent over the last few years; however, there have been difficulties defining the sector and academia have frequently seen sport and to ……（未完，全文共32804字，當(dāng)前僅顯示5900字，請(qǐng)閱讀下面提示信息。收藏《畢業(yè)論文英漢對(duì)照：山區(qū)環(huán)境和旅游-歐洲可持續(xù)發(fā)展模式》）